CX3CL1

CX3CL1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1B2T, 1F2L, 3ONA, 4XT1, 4XT3
Identifiers
Aliases	CX3CL1, ABCD-3, C3Xkine, CXC3, CXC3C, NTN, NTT, SCYD1, fractalkine, neurotactin, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1
External IDs	OMIM: 601880; MGI: 1097153; HomoloGene: 2251; GeneCards: CX3CL1; OMA:CX3CL1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 16 (human)[1] Band 16q21 Start 57,372,477 bp[1] End 57,385,044 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 8 (mouse)[2] Band 8 C5|8 46.79 cM Start 95,498,637 bp[2] End 95,509,055 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lung right coronary artery prefrontal cortex frontal pole ascending aorta popliteal artery dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lactiferous duct upper lobe of left lung Brodmann area 10 Top expressed in entorhinal cortex visual cortex olfactory tubercle superior frontal gyrus primary motor cortex prefrontal cortex nucleus accumbens dentate gyrus subiculum medial dorsal nucleus More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function cytokine activity chemokine activity protein binding CCR chemokine receptor binding signaling receptor binding integrin binding CX3C chemokine receptor binding Cellular component integral component of membrane membrane plasma membrane extracellular region cell surface extracellular space Biological process G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway defense response positive regulation of inflammatory response monocyte chemotaxis cytokine-mediated signaling pathway chemokine-mediated signaling pathway angiogenesis involved in wound healing cellular response to tumor necrosis factor wound healing leukocyte chemotaxis neutrophil chemotaxis positive regulation of angiogenesis positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production positive regulation of GTPase activity cell adhesion immune response cellular response to interleukin-1 leukocyte adhesive activation positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade cellular response to interferon-gamma cell chemotaxis lymphocyte chemotaxis negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand positive regulation of calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion chemotaxis integrin activation negative regulation of cell migration leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response macrophage chemotaxis regulation of signaling receptor activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 6376 20312 Ensembl ENSG00000006210 ENSMUSG00000031778 UniProt P78423 O35188 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002996 NM_001304392 NM_009142 RefSeq (protein) NP_001291321 NP_002987 NP_033168 Location (UCSC) Chr 16: 57.37 – 57.39 Mb Chr 8: 95.5 – 95.51 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Fractalkine, also known as chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CX3CL1 gene.

Function

Fractalkine is a large cytokine protein of 373 amino acids, it contains multiple domains and is the only known member of the CX₃C chemokine family. It is also commonly known under the names fractalkine (in humans) and neurotactin (in mice).^[5][6] The polypeptide structure of CX3CL1 differs from the typical structure of other chemokines. For example, the spacing of the characteristic N-terminal cysteines differs; there are three amino acids separating the initial pair of cysteines in CX3CL1, with none in CC chemokines and only one intervening amino acid in CXC chemokines. CX3CL1 is produced as a long protein (with 373-amino acid in humans) with an extended mucin-like stalk and a chemokine domain on top. The mucin-like stalk permits it to bind to the surface of certain cells. However a soluble (90 kD) version of this chemokine has also been observed. Soluble CX3CL1 potently chemoattracts T cells and monocytes, while the cell-bound chemokine promotes strong adhesion of leukocytes to activated endothelial cells, where it is primarily expressed.^[6] CX3CL1 elicits its adhesive and migratory functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CX3CR1.^[7] Its gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22.^[6][8]

Fractalkine is found commonly throughout the brain, particularly in neural cells, and its receptor is known to be present on microglial cells. It has also been found to be essential for microglial cell migration.^[9] CX3CL1 is also up-regulated in the hippocampus during a brief temporal window following spatial learning, the purpose of which may be to regulate glutamate-mediated neurotransmission tone. This indicates a possible role for the chemokine in the protective plasticity process of synaptic scaling.^[10]

References

External links

• Human CX3CL1 genome location and CX3CL1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.

Further reading