Subgroup of the Austronesian language family
Sangiric |
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Geographic distribution | northern Sulawesi, Indonesia |
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Linguistic classification | Austronesian |
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Subdivisions | |
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Glottolog | sang1335 |
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The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[1]
Classification
The following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57).[2]
- Sangiric
- North Sangiric
- Talaud
- Sangirese (two variants: Sangir in Indonesia and Sangil in the Philippines)
- South Sangiric
The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi, as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao. The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the northern tip of Sulawesi. Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.
Reconstruction
Proto-Sangiric |
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Reconstruction of | Sangiric languages |
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Reconstructed ancestors | |
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Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984).[2]
Phonology
The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil [r], Sangir, Ratahan [h], Talaud [ʒ ~ k:], Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil [r].
Vocabulary
The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1984:61–114) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.
Comparison table Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn) |
Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
biβikka | biβihəʔ | biβirəʔ | bíbihiʔ | βiβi | *bibiR | *bibiR | 'lip' |
tallu | təlu | taw | tulu | tulú | *təlu | *təlu | 'three' |
anumma | ənuŋ | nuŋ | nuŋ | num | *ənum | *ənəm | 'six' |
manuʔa | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuk | *manuk | *manuk | 'fowl' |
duʒi | duhi | duri | duhi | rui | *duRi | *duRi | 'bone' |
paɭ̆adda | paɭ̆edəʔ | paɭ̆edəʔ | páledeʔ | paler | *paled | *palaj | 'palm, sole' |
daɭ̆anna | daɭ̆eŋ | daɭ̆eŋ | daleŋ | ralen | *dalen | *zalan | 'road' |
Sangiric innovations |
Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
inassa | kinaʔ | kinaʔ | kínasaʔ | kinas | *kinas | (*Sikan) | 'fish' |
deno | denoʔ | denoʔ | deno | reno | *deno | (*diRus) | 'bathe' |
ʒodo | horo | roro | hodow | ʰorow | *Rodaw | (*Cazəm) | 'sharp' |
See also
References
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
- ^ a b Sneddon, James N. (1984). "Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages". Pacific Linguistics. Canberra. doi:10.15144/PL-B91.
External links
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Philippine (linkage) ? | |
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Greater Barito * | |
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Greater North Borneo * | |
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Sumatran * | Northwest Sumatra –Barrier Islands | |
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Lampungic | |
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Javanese | |
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Madurese | |
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Bali–Sasak –Sumbawa | |
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Celebic | |
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South Sulawesi | |
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Isolates | |
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SHWNG | |
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Oceanic | Admiralty | |
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Saint Matthias | |
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Temotu | |
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Southeast Solomonic | Gela–Guadalcanal | |
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Malaita– San Cristobal | |
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Western Oceanic | Meso– Melanesian | Willaumez | |
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Bali-Vitu | |
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New Ireland– Northwest Solomonic | Tungag–Nalik | |
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Tabar | |
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Madak | |
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St. George | |
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Northwest Solomonic | |
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North New Guinea | |
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Papuan Tip | Nuclear | |
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Kilivila–Misima | |
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Nimoa–Sudest | |
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Southern Oceanic | North Vanuatu | |
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Nuclear Southern Oceanic | Central Vanuatu | |
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South Vanuatu | |
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Loyalties– New Caledonia | Loyalty Islands | |
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New Caledonian | |
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Micronesian | |
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Central Pacific | |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
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