The Bird in Borrowed Feathers
The Bird in Borrowed Feathers is a fable of Classical Greek origin usually ascribed to Aesop. It has existed in numerous different versions between that time and the Middle Ages, going by various titles and generally involving members of the corvid family. The lesson to be learned from it has also varied, depending on the context in which it was told. Several idioms derive from the fable.
The main variations
While the details of the fable have always been varied,[1] two main versions have been transmitted to European cultures in modern times. The first of these is mostly found in Greek sources and numbered 101 in the Perry Index.[2] It concerns a daw or crow that dresses itself in the feathers of other birds before competing against them, only to have them recognised and stripped away by their owners; in some versions all its own feathers are also torn away. The lesson to be learned is that borrowed finery brings humiliation.
The second version stems from the Latin collection of Phaedrus and is numbered 472 in the Perry Index.[3] In this a jackdaw (or jay in Caxton's telling) that has found some peacock feathers and stuck them among its own, looks down on its kind and joins the peacocks. When they realise the intruder is not one of themselves, they attack it, stripping away the borrowed finery and leaving the jackdaw so dishevelled that it is afterwards rejected by its fellows. The moral of the story is not to reach above one's station.
Some mediaeval versions have different details. In Odo of Cheriton's telling the crow is ashamed of its ugliness and is advised by the eagle to borrow feathers from the other birds, but when it starts to insult them the eagle suggests that the birds reclaim their feathers.[4] Froissart's Chronicles have a certain Friar John advising church leaders that their possessions depend on temporal rulers and illustrating the lesson with a story of a bird that is born featherless until all the other birds decide to furnish it with some of their own. When it starts to act too proudly, they threaten to take their feathers back.[5]
Such stories addressed themselves to various kinds of pride and had given rise to the Latin idiomatic phrase esopus graculus (Aesop's jackdaw) that Erasmus recorded in his Adagia.[6] But the story has also been used to satirise literary plagiarists in Classical times. In one of his Epistles, the Roman poet Horace alludes to the Greek version of the fable when referring to the poet Celsus, who is advised not to borrow from others ‘lest, if it chance that the flock of birds should some time or other come to demand their feathers, he, like the daw stripped of his stolen colors, be exposed to ridicule.’[7] It was in this sense too that the young William Shakespeare was attacked by the elder playwright Robert Greene as ‘an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers’.[8]
When Jean de la Fontaine adapted the story in his Fables Choisies (IV.9), it was the Latin version of a bird disguised as a peacock that he chose, but he followed Horace in applying it to 'The human jay: the shameless plagiarist'.[9] The very free version of John Matthews, his English translator, develops the suggestion much further:
- If you closely examine the men of the quill
- And search for goods stolen with sharp piercing eyes,
- Taking these from the pages their volumes which fill,
- Huge quartos would shrink to a very small size.[10]
However, when La Fontaine's fable was rewritten to fit a popular air in the 18th century Nouvelles Poésies Spirituelles et Morales sur les plus beaux airs, its focus was changed to dressing above one's station.[11]
It is the Latin version too that lies behind the popular idiom 'to adorn oneself (or strut) in borrowed plumes', used against empty pretensions. This is made more obvious by the reference to peacock feathers in the Italian equivalent, Vestirsi con le penne del pavone.[12]
Among Russian variants of the fable, Alexander Sumarokov's featured a kite in 1760, comparing it to a lowly person who has managed to enrich himself with bribes and is now holding himself as equal to nobility. Ivan Krylov's own variation was titled "The Crow" and gave rise to two expressions in Russian (after two different phrases in it): "Left the crows, but didn't join the peacocks" (От ворон отстала, а к павам не пристала) and "Neither peacock nor crow" (Ни пава, ни ворона). While keeping close to the fable at the start, Krylov ends by extending the application to the human example of a merchant's daughter marrying a noble and fitting neither with his family nor her own.[13]
Artistic use
In the 17th century, when paintings were popular home decorations but had to be justified by carrying a moral message, the Dutch artist Melchior d'Hondecoeter executed at least two of the Greek version of the fable in which many species of bird attack the daw.[14] He was followed in 1719 by Pieter Casteels III, whose "Fable of the Raven" shows flocks of brightly coloured birds descending for the attack.[15] English artists who have been influenced by their treatment of the subject include George Lance, whose "The vain jackdaw stripped of his borrowed plumes" was highly praised when he exhibited it at the British Institution in 1828.[16] In the 20th century, Edward Bawden's composite design of the same subject incorporates a broad variety of exotic species, including parrots and flamingoes.[17]
Many illustrations of La Fontaine's fables follow similar themes,[18] including Kano Tomo-nobou's Japanese woodcut version published from Tokyo in 1894.[19] Political cartoons celebrating the defeat of Napoleon also imply this imagery, with feathered kings and emperors snatching away his finery.[20] There was a slightly earlier Japanese woodprint by Kawanabe Kyosai in his Isoho Monogotari series (1870–80) which shows peacocks attacking a prostrate crow.[21] In general the artist was dependent on John Tenniel's illustrations of the fables for his interpretations, but in this case the print is similar to the picture in the Croxall edition of 1814.[22]
References
- ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados, tr. Gert-Jan van Dijk, The History of the Graeco-Latin Fable III, Leiden NL 2003 pp.133-7
- ^ Aesopica
- ^ Aesopica
- ^ John C. Jacobs. The fables of Odo of Cheriton, Syracuse University Press 1985, pp.74-5
- ^ An extract from the Lord Berners translation in a Harvard anthology
- ^ III.vi 91
- ^ Epistles I.3, lines 18-20
- ^ A Groatsworth of Wit Bought with a Million of Repentance (1592), quoted and commented on in the Penguin Shakespeare
- ^ "The jay in peacock’s plumes", in Norman Shapiro's Fifty translations of La Fontaine, University of Illinois 1997, p.45
- ^ Fables from La Fontaine, London 1820, p.193
- ^ John Metz, The fables of La Fontaine: a critical edition of the eighteenth-century vocal settings, Pendragon Press 1986, p71
- ^ Lexicon of Common Figurative Units, University of Trier, part 1, p.19
- ^ Lydia Razran Stone, The frogs who begged for a tsar (a dual language text), Russian Information Service 2010 p.123
- ^ In the Mauritshuis (1671) and in the August Heckscher Collection
- ^ PX pixels
- ^ London Literary Gazette, 9 Feb. 1828, p.91
- ^ See his print Archived 2014-06-18 at the Wayback Machine at the Fry Art Gallery
- ^ Some examples in French collections
- ^ Choix de Fables de La Fontaine I.14
- ^ Brown University Library, Napoleon satires
- ^ View online
- ^ View online
External links
- 6 illustrations from books between the 17th-20th centuries at the Victoria & Albert Museum
- Illustrations from books between the 15th-17th centuries
- Illustrations from books between the 15th-20th centuries
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Fables
- The Ant and the Grasshopper
- The Ass and his Masters
- The Ass and the Pig
- The Ass Carrying an Image
- The Ass in the Lion's Skin
- The Astrologer who Fell into a Well
- The Bear and the Travelers
- The Belly and the Members
- The Bird-catcher and the Blackbird
- The Bird in Borrowed Feathers
- The Boy Who Cried Wolf
- The Cat and the Mice
- The Cock and the Jewel
- The Cock, the Dog and the Fox
- The Crow and the Pitcher
- The Crow and the Snake
- The Deer without a Heart
- The Dog and Its Reflection
- The Dog and the Wolf
- The Dove and the Ant
- The Farmer and the Stork
- The Farmer and the Viper
- The Fir and the Bramble
- The Fisherman and the Little Fish
- The Fowler and the Snake
- The Fox and the Crow
- The Fox and the Grapes
- The Fox and the Lion
- The Fox and the Mask
- The Fox and the Sick Lion
- The Fox and the Stork
- The Fox and the Weasel
- The Fox and the Woodman
- The Frog and the Ox
- The Frogs Who Desired a King
- The Goat and the Vine
- The Goose that Laid the Golden Eggs
- The Honest Woodcutter
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- The Horse that Lost its Liberty
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- The Lion, the Bear and the Fox
- The Man with Two Mistresses
- The Mischievous Dog
- The Miser and his Gold
- The Moon and her Mother
- The Mountain in Labour
- The Mouse and the Oyster
- The North Wind and the Sun
- The Oak and the Reed
- The Old Man and Death
- The Old Woman and the Doctor
- The Rose and the Amaranth
- The Satyr and the Traveller
- The Sick Kite
- The Snake and the Crab
- The Snake in the Thorn Bush
- The Tortoise and the Hare
- Town Mouse and Country Mouse
- The Travellers and the Plane Tree
- The Trees and the Bramble
- The Two Pots
- The Walnut Tree
- Washing the Ethiopian White
- The Weasel and Aphrodite
- The Wolf and the Crane
- The Wolf and the Lamb
- The Woodcutter and the Trees
- The Young Man and the Swallow
- An ass eating thistles
- The Bear and the Gardener
- Belling the Cat (also known as The Mice in Council)
- The Blind Man and the Lame
- The Boy and the Filberts
- Chanticleer and the Fox
- The Dog in the Manger
- The drowned woman and her husband
- The Elm and the Vine
- The Fox and the Cat
- The Gourd and the Palm-tree
- The Hawk and the Nightingale
- The miller, his son and the donkey
- The Monkey and the Cat
- The Priest and the Wolf
- The Scorpion and the Frog
- The Shepherd and the Lion
adaptations
- Aesop's Film Fables
- The Grasshopper and the Ants
adaptations
- Demetrius of Phalerum
- Phaedrus
- Babrius
- Avianus
- Dositheus Magister
- Alexander Neckam
- Adémar de Chabannes
- Odo of Cheriton
- John Lydgate
- Kawanabe Kyōsai
- Laurentius Abstemius
- Roger L'Estrange
- Gabriele Faerno
- Hieronymus Osius
- Marie de France
- Robert Henryson
- Jean de La Fontaine
- Ivan Krylov
- Nicolas Trigault
- Robert Thom
- Zhou Zuoren