Günther Prien

Pertempuran laut

Perang Saudara Sepanyol

Perang Dunia II

AnugerahKnight Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Günther Prien (16 Januari 1908 – mungkin 8 Mac 1941) adalah seorang komander U-boat Jerman semasa Perang Dunia II. Beliau merupakan komander U-boat pertama yang menerima pingat Knight Cross of the Iron Cross dan anggota pertama Kriegsmarine yang menerima darjah Daun Oak untuk pingat Knight Cross Jerman Nazi. Ia merupakan pingat ketenteraan tertinggi Jerman pada saat beliau menerimanya.[Note 1]

Dibawah pemerintahan Prien, kapal selam U-47 telah mendapat kepujian dengan menenggelamkan lebih 30 buah kapal Sekutu yang berjumlah 200,000 GRT, termasuk penenggelaman kapal tempur HMS Royal Oak British semasa berlabuh di pangkalan laut Armada Utama, Scapa Flow.

Ringkasan kerjaya

Kapal-kapal yang diserang

Menurut Busch dan Röll, Prien membuat 10 kali pelayaran perang dan menenggelamkan 30 buah kapal dagang yang berjumlah 162,769 GRT, sebuah kapal perang dengan berat sesaran 29,970 long ton (30,450 t), dan merosakkan 8 buah kapal dagang seberat 62,751 GRT dan sebuah kapal perang seberat 10,035 long ton (10,196 t).[2]

Catatan kapal yang diserang
Tarikh Kapal Negara Tanan[Note 2] Nasib
5 September 1939 SS Bosnia  United Kingdom 2,407 Karam pada 45°29′N 09°45′W / 45.483°N 9.750°W / 45.483; -9.750 (Bosnia (ship))[3]
6 September 1939 SS Rio Claro  United Kingdom 4,086 Karam pada 46°30′N 12°00′W / 46.500°N 12.000°W / 46.500; -12.000 (Rio Claro (ship))[3]
7 September 1939 SS Gartavon  United Kingdom 1,777 Karam pada 47°04′N 11°32′W / 47.067°N 11.533°W / 47.067; -11.533 (Gartavon (ship))[3]
14 Oktober 1939 HMS Royal Oak  United Kingdom 29,970 Karam pada 58°55′N 02°59′W / 58.917°N 2.983°W / 58.917; -2.983 (Royal Oak (ship))[4]
28 November 1939 HMS Norfolk  United Kingdom 10,035 Rosak[5]
5 Disember 1939 SS Novasota  United Kingdom 8,795 Karam pada 50°43′N 10°16′W / 50.717°N 10.267°W / 50.717; -10.267 (Novasota (ship))[5]
6 Disember 1939 MV Britta  Norway 6,214 Karam pada 49°19′N 05°35′W / 49.317°N 5.583°W / 49.317; -5.583 (Britta (ship))[6]
7 Disember 1939 MV Tajandoen  Belanda 8,159 Karam pada 49°09′N 04°51′W / 49.150°N 4.850°W / 49.150; -4.850 (Tajandoen (ship)) [6]
25 Mac 1940 SS Britta  Denmark 1,146 Karam pada 60°00′N 04°19′W / 60.000°N 4.317°W / 60.000; -4.317 (Britta (ship)) [7]
14 Jun 1940 SS Balmoralwood  United Kingdom 5,834 Karam pada 50°19′N 10°28′W / 50.317°N 10.467°W / 50.317; -10.467 (Balmoralwood (ship)) [8]
21 Jun 1940 SS San Fernando  United Kingdom 13,056 Karam pada 50°20′N 10°24′W / 50.333°N 10.400°W / 50.333; -10.400 (San Fernando (ship))[9]
24 Jun 1940 SS Cathrine  Panama 1,885 Karam pada 50°08′N 14°00′W / 50.133°N 14.000°W / 50.133; -14.000 (Cathrine (ship))[10]
27 Jun 1940 SS Lenda  Norway 4,005 Karam pada 50°12′N 13°18′W / 50.200°N 13.300°W / 50.200; -13.300 (Lenda (ship))[10]
27 Jun 1940 SS Leticia  Belanda 2,580 Karam pada 50°11′N 13°15′W / 50.183°N 13.250°W / 50.183; -13.250 (Leticia (ship))[10]
29 Jun 1940 SS Empire Toucan  United Kingdom 4,421 Karam pada 49°20′N 13°52′W / 49.333°N 13.867°W / 49.333; -13.867 (Empire Toucan (ship))[10]
30 Jun 1940 SS Georgios Kyriakides  Yunani 4,201 Karam pada 50°25′N 14°33′W / 50.417°N 14.550°W / 50.417; -14.550 (Georgios Kyriakides (ship))[11]
2 Julai 1940 SS Arandora Star  United Kingdom 15,501 Karam pada 55°20′N 10°33′W / 55.333°N 10.550°W / 55.333; -10.550 (Arandora Star (ship))[11]
2 September 1940 SS Ville de Mons  Belgium 7,463 Karam pada 58°20′N 12°00′W / 58.333°N 12.000°W / 58.333; -12.000 (Ville de Mons (ship))[12]
4 September 1940 SS Titan  United Kingdom 9,035 Karam pada 58°14′N 15°50′W / 58.233°N 15.833°W / 58.233; -15.833 (Titan (ship))[13]
7 September 1940 SS Neptunian  United Kingdom 5,155 Karam pada 58°27′N 17°17′W / 58.450°N 17.283°W / 58.450; -17.283 (Neptunian (ship))[13]
7 September 1940 SS José de Larrinaga  United Kingdom 5,303 Karam pada 58°30′N 16°10′W / 58.500°N 16.167°W / 58.500; -16.167 (José de Larrinaga (ship))[13]
7 September 1940 SS Gro  Norway 4,211 Karam pada 58°30′N 16°10′W / 58.500°N 16.167°W / 58.500; -16.167 (Gro (ship))[13]
9 September 1940 SS Possidon  Yunani 3,840 Karam pada 56°43′N 09°16′W / 56.717°N 9.267°W / 56.717; -9.267 (Possidon (ship))
21 September 1940 SS Elmbank  United Kingdom 5,156 Rosak pada 55°20′N 22°30′W / 55.333°N 22.500°W / 55.333; -22.500 (Elmbank (ship))[14]
19 Oktober 1940 Bilderdijk  Belanda 6,856 Karam pada 56°35′N 17°15′W / 56.583°N 17.250°W / 56.583; -17.250 (Bilderdijk (ship))[15]
19 Oktober 1940 MV Shirak  Belgium 6,023 Rosak pada 57°00′N 16°53′W / 57.000°N 16.883°W / 57.000; -16.883 (Shirak (ship))[15]
19 Oktober 1940 SS Wandby  United Kingdom 4,947 Karam di 56°45′N 17°07′W / 56.750°N 17.117°W / 56.750; -17.117 (Wandby (ship))[15]
20 Oktober 1940 SS La Estancia  United Kingdom 5,185 Karam di 57°N 17°W / 57°N 17°W / 57; -17 (La Estancia (ship)) [15]
20 Oktober 1940 SS Whitford Point  United Kingdom 5,026 Karam di 56°38′N 16°00′W / 56.633°N 16.000°W / 56.633; -16.000 (Whitford Point (ship))[15]
20 Oktober 1940 MV Athelmonarch  United Kingdom 8,995 Rosak di 56°45′N 15°58′W / 56.750°N 15.967°W / 56.750; -15.967 (Athelmonarch (ship))[15]
8 November 1940 MV Gonçalo Velho  Portugal 8,995 Rosak di 52°30′N 17°30′W / 52.500°N 17.500°W / 52.500; -17.500 (Gonçalo Velho (ship))[15]
2 Disember 1940 SS Ville d'Arlon  Belgium 7,555 Karam di 55°00′N 18°30′W / 55.000°N 18.500°W / 55.000; -18.500 (Ville d'Arlon (ship))[16]
2 Disember 1940 MV Conch  United Kingdom 8,376 Rosak di 55°40′N 19°00′W / 55.667°N 19.000°W / 55.667; -19.000 (Conch (ship))[16]
2 Disember 1940 MV Dunsley  United Kingdom 8,376 Rosak di 54°41′N 18°41′W / 54.683°N 18.683°W / 54.683; -18.683 (Dunsley (ship))
26 Februari 1941 SS Kasongo  Belgium 5,254 Karam di 55°50′N 14°20′W / 55.833°N 14.333°W / 55.833; -14.333 (Kasongo (ship))[17]
26 Februari 1941 MV Diala  United Kingdom 8,106 Rosak di 55°50′N 14°00′W / 55.833°N 14.000°W / 55.833; -14.000 (Diala (ship))[17]
26 Februari 1941 MV Rydboholm  Sweden 3,197 Karam di 55°32′N 14°24′W / 55.533°N 14.400°W / 55.533; -14.400 (Rydboholm (ship))[17]
26 Februari 1941 MV Borgland  Norway 3,636 Karam di 55°45′N 14°29′W / 55.750°N 14.483°W / 55.750; -14.483 (Borgland (ship))[17]
28 Februari 1941 SS Holmlea  United Kingdom 4,233 Karam di 54°24′N 17°25′W / 54.400°N 17.417°W / 54.400; -17.417 (Holmlea (ship))[17]
7 Mac 1941 MV Terje Viken  United Kingdom 8,106 Rosak di 60°00′N 12°50′W / 60.000°N 12.833°W / 60.000; -12.833 (Terje Viken (ship))[17]

Anugerah kebesaran

Tarikh kenaikkan pangkat

1 Mac 1933: Fähnrich zur See (pegawai kadet rendah)[18]
1 Januari 1935: Oberfähnrich zur See (pegawai kadet kanan)[18]
1 April 1935: Leutnant zur See (pemangku leftenan muda)[18]
1 Januari 1937: Oberleutnant zur See (leftenan muda)[18]
1 Februari 1939: Kapitänleutnant (leftenan kepten/leftenan)[18]
18 Mac 1941: Korvettenkapitän (kepten korvet/leftenan komander), efektif pada 1 Mac 1941[24]

Nota penterjemahan

Nota

  1. ^ In 1940, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves was second only to the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, which was awarded only to senior commanders for winning a major battle or campaign, in the military order of the Third Reich. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves as highest military order was surpassed on 28 September 1941 by the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords.[1]
  2. ^ Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement.

Rujukan

Petikan

  1. ^ Williamson & Bujeiro 2004, m/s. 3, 7.
  2. ^ Busch & Röll 2003, m/s. 20.
  3. ^ a b c Rohwer 1999, m/s. 1.
  4. ^ Rohwer 1999, m/s. 4.
  5. ^ a b Rohwer 1999, m/s. 7.
  6. ^ a b Rohwer 1999, m/s. 8.
  7. ^ Rohwer 1999, m/s. 16.
  8. ^ Rohwer 1999, m/s. 19.
  9. ^ Rohwer 1999, m/s. 20.
  10. ^ a b c d Rohwer 1999, m/s. 21.
  11. ^ a b Rohwer 1999, m/s. 22.
  12. ^ Rohwer 1999, m/s. 27.
  13. ^ a b c d Rohwer 1999, m/s. 28.
  14. ^ Rohwer 1999, m/s. 29.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Rohwer 1999, m/s. 34.
  16. ^ a b Rohwer 1999, m/s. 37.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Rohwer 1999, m/s. 44.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Busch & Röll 2003, m/s. 15.
  19. ^ a b Thomas 1998, m/s. 171.
  20. ^ a b Williamson & Bujeiro 2004, m/s. 23.
  21. ^ a b Scherzer 2007, m/s. 604.
  22. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, m/s. 344.
  23. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, m/s. 53.
  24. ^ Busch & Röll 2003, m/s. 16.

Bibliografi

  • Blair, Clay (1998). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters, 1939–1942. Random House. ISBN 978-0-30787-437-5.
  • Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (2003). Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 — Die Ritterkreuzträger der U-Boot-Waffe von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 [The U-Boat War 1939–1945 — The Knight's Cross Bearers of the U-Boat Force from September 1939 to May 1945] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn Germany: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn. ISBN 978-3-8132-0515-2.
  • Claasen, Adam R. A. (2001). Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-Fated Campaign, 1940–1945. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1050-1.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Fischer, Michael; Widmaier, Tobias, penyunting (2014). Lied und populäre Kultur/Song and Popular Culture. 59. Münster/New York: Waxmann. ISBN 978-3-8309-3184-3.
  • Gilbert, Martin (1991). Churchill: A Life. London: Heinemann. ISBN 978-04-34291-83-0.
  • Hadley, Michael L. (1995). Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-773512-82-5.
  • Haarr, Geirr H. (2012). The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 - April 1940. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-140-3.
  • Haarr, Geirr (2010). The Battle for Norway: April-June 1940. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78346-905-5.
  • Hartwig, Bernd (2002). Die Dinge lagen damals anders: ein Bericht über die Hitler-Zeit (1933–1945) [Things were Different at the Time: a Report on the Hitler Era (1933–1945)] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Karin Fischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89514-375-5.
  • Heathcote, Tony (2002). The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734–1995. Pen & Sword Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85052-835-0.
  • Hessler, Günther (1989). The U-boat War in the Atlantic, 1939–1945: German Naval History, Volume 1. London: H.M. Stationery Office, Ministry of Defence Publication. ISBN 978-0-71464-060-0.
  • Hoyt, Edwin P. (2002). The U-Boat Wars. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 978-1-4616-6130-6.
  • Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed: German Submarine Losses in the World Wars. London: Arms & Armour. ISBN 978-1-85409-515-2.
  • Meyer, Wolfgang (2015). Der Stier von Scapa Flow: Feindfahrten auf U 47 [The Bull of Scapa Flow: War Patrols on U 47] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Hamburg, Germany: Tredition. ISBN 978-3-7323-5203-6.
  • Milner, Marc (2011). Battle of the Atlantic. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6187-8.
  • Mitcham, Samuel (2012). Hitler's Commanders: Officers of the Wehrmacht, the Luftwaffe, the Kriegsmarine and the Waffen SS. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1153-7.
  • Morgan, Daniel; Taylor, Bruce (2011). U-Boat Attack Logs: A Complete Record of Warship Sinkings from Original Sources, 1939–1945. Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-118-2.
  • Mulligan, Timothy (2013). Neither Sharks Nor Wolves: The Men of Nazi Germany's U-boat Army, 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-61251-080-4.
  • Niestlé, Axel (1998). German U-Boat Losses During World War II: Details of Destruction. ISBN 978-1-85367-352-8.
  • Ossmann-Mausch, Christa A. (2006). Alles begann in Berlin: eine Jugend in Zeiten des Krieges. Hamburg, Germany: Mein Buch oHG. ISBN 978-3-86516-493-3.
  • Padfield, Peter (1995). Submarine Commanders in World War II: War Beneath the Sea. New York: John Wiley and Son's. ISBN 978-0-471-24945-0.
  • Paterson, Lawrence (2018). Otto Kretschmer: The Life of the Third Reich's Highest Scoring U-Boat Commander. Barnsley: Greenhill. ISBN 978-1-78438-192-9.
  • Riederer, Thomas (2019). Westemeier, Jens (penyunting). "So war der deutsche Landser ...": Das populäre Bild der Wehrmacht ["This was the German Landser ...": The Popular Image of the Wehrmacht] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Brill, Germany: Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh. ISBN 978-3-506-78770-5.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (1996). War at Sea, 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-5575-0915-4.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen (1999). Axis submarine successes of World War Two: German, Italian, and Japanese submarine successes, 1939-1945. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-55750-029-8.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two. Annapolis: US Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8.
  • Roskill, Stephen (1954). The War at Sea, 1939–1945: The defensive. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. OCLC 929331677.
  • Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
  • Schilling, René (2015). Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Volkmann, Hans-Erich (penyunting). Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität. Sonderausgabe [The Wehrmacht: Myth and Reality. Special Edition] (ed. 2nd). Berlin, Germany: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. m/s. 550–572. ISBN 978-3-486-85202-8.
  • Showell, Jak (2006). The U-Boat Century; German Submarine Warfare 1906-2006. Great Britain: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-241-2.
  • Showell, Jak (1989). U-Boat Command and the battle of the Atlantic. Goring-by-sea: Maritime Conway Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-487-9.
  • Tennent, Alan J. (2001). British and Commonwealth Merchant Ship Losses to Axis Submarines, 1939-1945. The History Press: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2760-4.
  • Terraine, John (1989). Business in Great Waters: The U-Boat Wars, 1916–1945. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-760-5.
  • Thomas, Franz (1998). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z] (dalam bahasa Jerman). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2300-9.
  • Van der Vat, Dan (2000). Standard of Power. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-180121-2.
  • Vause, Jordan (1997). Wolf: U-boat Commanders in World War II. Washington: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-874-4.
  • Wagener, Hans (1997). "Günther Prien, der "Stier von Scapa Flow". Selbststilisierung, Heldenkult und Legendenbildung um einen U-Boot-Kommandanten" [Günther Prien, the "Bull of Scapa Flow": Hero Worship and Legends Around a Submarine Commander]. Krieg und Literatur Jahrbuch (War and Literature Yearbook) (dalam bahasa Jerman). III/IV.
  • Williams, Andrew (2003). The Battle of the Atlantic: Hitler's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09153-9.
  • Williamson, Gordon; Bujeiro, Ramiro (2004). Knight's Cross and Oak Leaves Recipients 1939–40. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-641-6.
  • Wynn, Kenneth G. (1997). U-boat Operations of the Second World War: Career Histories, U1–U510. Chatham. ISBN 978-1-55750-860-7.
  • Zabecki, David T. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. London: ABC-Clio Inc. ISBN 978-1-59884-980-6.
  • "In der kleinen Hafenbar". Der Spiegel (dalam bahasa Jerman) (39). 1958. ISSN 0038-7452. Dicapai pada 31 December 2019.
  • "Mumm haben". Der Spiegel (dalam bahasa Jerman) (35). 1967. ISSN 0038-7452. Dicapai pada 31 December 2019.
Kawalan kewibawaan Sunting ini di Wikidata
Umum
Perpustakaan negara
  • Norway
  • Sepanyol
  • Perancis (data)
  • Jerman
  • Itali
  • Israel
  • Amerika Syarikat
  • Jepun
  • Republik Czech
  • Belanda
  • Poland
Kamus biografi
  • Jerman
Lain-lain
Portal
Akses topik berkaitan
  • Portal Biography
  • Portal Military of Germany
  • Portal World War II
Ketahui lebih lanjut di
Projek saudara Wikipedia
  • Media
    daripada Commons
  • Petikan akbar mengenai Günther Prien di 20th Century Press Archives daripada ZBW