Hermann von Helmholtz

Hermann von Helmholtz ForMemRS
Kelahiran	Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Helmholtz (1821-08-31)31 Ogos 1821 Potsdam, Kerajaan Prusia
Meninggal dunia	September 8, 1894(1894-09-08) (umur 73) Charlottenburg, Empayar Jerman
Warganegara	Jerman
Pusat pendidikan	Medicinisch-chirurgisches Friedrich-Wilhelm-Institut [de]
Terkenal kerana	Studies in the conservation of energy Helmholtz condition Helmholtz decomposition Helmholtz equation Helmholtz free energy Helmholtz free entropy Helmholtz layer Helmholtz pitch notation Helmholtz reciprocity Helmholtz resonance Helmholtz temperament Helmholtz classical theorem Helmholtz's theorems Helmholtz minimum dissipation theorem Generalized Helmholtz theorem Gibbs–Helmholtz equation Helmholtz-Ellis notation Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect Helmholtz-Smoluchowski eqn. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism Young–Helmholtz theory Additive synthesis Efference copy Hydrodynamic stability Keratometer Pure tone Supercapacitor
Anugerah	Matteucci Medal (1868) Copley Medal (1873) Faraday Lectureship Prize (1881) Albert Medal (1888)
Kerjaya saintifik
Bidang	Physics Physiology Psychology
Institusi	Universiti Königsberg University of Bonn Universiti Heidelberg University of Berlin
Tesis	De fabrica systematis nervosi evertebratorum (1842)
Penasihat kedoktoran	Johannes Peter Müller
Pelajar kedoktoran	Albert A. Michelson Wilhelm Wien Max Planck Heinrich Hertz Gabriel Lippmann Loránd Eötvös Otto Lummer Michael I. Pupin Friedrich Schottky Arthur Gordon Webster
Pelajar lain yang terkenal	Émile Boutroux Johannes von Kries[1] Edward Nichols Henry Augustus Rowland Wilhelm Wundt
Pengaruh	Johann Gottlieb Fichte Immanuel Kant Hermann Lotze[2]
Dipengaruhi oleh	Friedrich Albert Lange[3] Ludwig Wittgenstein[4]

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 Ogos 1821 - 8 September 1894) ialah seorang ahli perubatan dan ahli fizik Jerman yang membuat sumbangan penting dalam beberapa bidang saintifik. Institusi penyelidikan terbesar Jerman, Persatuan Helmholtz, dinamakan sempena namanya.^[5]

Dalam fisiologi dan psikologi, beliau terkenal dengan matematik mata, teori penglihatan, idea mengenai persepsi visual ruang, penyelidikan penglihatan warna, dan sensasi nada, persepsi bunyi, dan empirisisme dalam fisiologi persepsi.

Dalam fizik, beliau terkenal dengan teori-teorinya mengenai pemuliharaan tenaga, bekerja dalam elektrodinamika, termodinamik kimia, dan pada asas mekanik termodinamik.

Sebagai seorang ahli falsafah, beliau terkenal dengan falsafah sainsnya, idea-idea mengenai hubungan antara undang-undang persepsi dan undang-undang alam, sains estetik, dan idea mengenai kuasa sains saintifik.

Karya

• On the Conservation of Force (1847) HathiTrust
• Helmholtz, Herman (1876). "On the Limits of the Optical Capacity of the Microscope". Monthly Microscopical Journal. 16: 15–39. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2818.1876.tb05606.x.
• On the Conservation of Force (1895) Introduction to a Series of Lectures Delivered at Carlsruhe in the Winter of 1862–1863, English translation
• On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music (downloadable from California Digital Library) Third Edition of English Translation, based on Fourth German Edition of 1877, By Hermann von Helmholtz, Alexander John Ellis, Published by Longmans, Green, 1895, 576 pages
• On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music (downloadable from Google Books) Fourth Edition, By Hermann von Helmholtz, Alexander John Ellis, Published by Longmans, Green, 1912, 575 pages
• Treatise on Physiological Optics (1910) three volumes. English translation by Optical Society of America (1924–5).
• Popular lectures on scientific subjects (1885)
• Popular lectures on scientific subjects second series (1908)

Rujukan

Bacaan lanjut

• David Cahan: Helmholtz: A Life in Science (University of Chicago, 2018). ISBN 978-0-226-48114-2
• David Cahan (Ed.): Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth-Century Science. Univ. California, Berkeley 1994, ISBN 978-0-520-08334-9.
• Gregor Schiemann: Hermann von Helmholtz's Mechanism: The Loss of Certainty. A Study on the Transition from Classical to Modern Philosophy of Nature. Dordrecht: Springer 2009, ISBN 978-1-4020-5629-1.
• Franz Werner: Hermann Helmholtz´ Heidelberger Jahre (1858–1871). (= Sonderveröffentlichungen des Stadtarchivs Heidelberg 8). Mit 52 Abbildungen. Berlin / Heidelberg (Springer) 1997.

Pautan luar

• Physics Tree: Hermann von Helmholtz Details
• "Hermann von Helmholtz" (Obituary). Royal Society (Great Britain). (1894). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. London: Printed by Taylor and Francis.
• "Hermann von Helmholtz" by Leo Koenigsberger (Oxford: Clarendon press, 1906) from Internet Archive
• "Hermann von Helmholtz" article by Lydia Patton, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• J. G. McKendrick Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (London : Unwin, 1899)
• Biography, bibliography and access to digital sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
• Skor percuma oleh Hermann von Helmholtz di Projek Perpustakaan Skor Muzik Antarabangsa (IMSLP) (Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen)
• Helmholtz's (1867) Handbuch der physiologischen Optik - digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library