Central Vanuatu languages
Subgroup of the Oceanic branch of the Austronesian language family
| Central Vanuatu | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Vanuatu |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Glottolog | cent2269 |
The Central Vanuatu languages form a linkage of Southern Oceanic languages spoken in central Vanuatu.
Languages
Clark (2009)
Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the Central Vanuatu languages, divided into geographic areas.[1] Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in italics. Clark's Central Vanuatu branch is wider in scope,[clarification needed] including not only the Shepherd–Efate languages, but also the Malakula and Ambrym–Paama–Epi languages.
- Central Vanuatu
- Malakula languages
- Northeast Malakula (Uripiv), Vao, Vovo; Mpotovoro
- Dirak, Malua Bay
- V’ënen Taut, Tape
- Larevat, Neve’ei, Naman
- Navava, Nevwervwer
- Unua-Pangkumu
- Banam Bay, Aulua
- Lendamboi; Nasarian
- Axamb, Avok, Maskelynes, Port Sandwich
- Sinesip, Naha’ai; Ninde
- Ambrym–Paama–Epi area
- Shepherd–Efate area
- Malakula languages
François et al. (2015)
The following list of 19 Central Vanuatu languages (excluding the Malakula languages) is from François et al. (2015:18–21).
| No. | Language | Other names | Speakers | ISO 639-3 | Region |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 107 | North Ambrym | 5250 | mmg | Ambrym | |
| 108 | Orkon | Fanbak | 30 | fnb | Ambrym |
| 109 | Southeast Ambrym | 3700 | tvk | Ambrym | |
| 110 | Daakie | Port Vato | 1300 | ptv | Ambrym |
| 111 | Daakaka | South Ambrym, Baiap | 1200 | bpa | Ambrym |
| 112 | Dalkalaen | 1000 | Ambrym | ||
| 113 | Raljago | West Ambrym, Lonwolwol | <10 | crc | Ambrym |
| 114 | Paama | Paamese | 6000 | paa | Paama |
| 115 | Lamen | Lamenu, Varmali | 850 | lmu | Epi, Lamen |
| 116 | Lewo | Varsu | 2200 | lww | Epi |
| 117 | Bierebo | Bonkovia-Yevali | 900 | bnk | Epi |
| 118 | Baki | Burumba, Paki | 350 | bki | Epi |
| 119 | Mkir | Maii | 180 | mmm | Epi |
| 120 | Bieria | Bieri, Vovo, Wowo | 25 | brj | Epi |
| 121 | Namakura | Makura, Namakir | 3750 | nmk | Efate, Shepherd Islands (Tongoa, Tongariki) |
| 123 | Nakanamanga | 9500 | llp | Efate, Shepherd Islands (Nguna, Tongoa) | |
| 124 | Lelepa | Havannah Harbour | 400 | lpa | Efate, Lelepa |
| 125 | Eton | 500 | etn | Efate | |
| 126 | South Efate | Erakor | 6000 | erk | Efate |
Additionally, the extinct Sowa language was formerly spoken in central Vanuatu.
References
- ^ Clark, Ross (2009). Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- François, Alexandre; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), "The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu" (PDF), in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, ISBN 9781922185235.
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| North Vanuatu |
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| Nuclear Southern Oceanic |
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- * indicates proposed status
- ? indicates classification dispute
- † indicates extinct status
